Resumen El árbol del ébano (Ebenopsis ebano (Berl.) Britton et Rose) tiene como fruto una vaina conocida, las semillas dentro de la vaina tienen un alto contenido proteico. Pese a su amplia distribución y cantidad en el noreste de México, no se ha registrado algún uso para la vaina, convirtiéndose en un residuo. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las propiedades físicas, químicas y funcionales de la vaina de ébano y generar información útil a las comunidades para el aprovechamiento integral de árbol como suplemento en alimentación animal, fermentaciones industriales o fuente de antioxidantes. Se encontró que la vaina tuvo longitud promedio de 10.16 cm, diámetro de 14.85 cm, ancho de 0.54 cm y peso de 5.19 g En cuanto a las características físicas y proximales, la absorción de agua fue de 50%, absorción de aceite 1.89%, densidad 0.53 g/cm3. Los parámetros de color fueron L* 56.6, a* 8.07, b* 26.78, mientras que el contenido proximal fue 2.40% humedad, 30.9% cenizas, 0.56% grasa, 47.7% fibra, 45.2 carbohidratos y 1% proteína. Se encontró también que la máxima concentración de xilosa (33.8 g) se obtuvo con 6% de H2SO4. Los resultados indican que este residuo puede utilizarse como fuente de fibra para suplementación animal, o bien aprovechar la xilosa para medios de cultivo económicos a escala industrial o, incluso, la obtención de polifenoles a partir de extractos orgánicos.

Abstract The ebony tree (Ebenopsis ebano (Berl.) Britton et Rose) has a known pod as fruit, the seeds inside the pod have a high protein content; despite its wide distribution and quantity in northeastern Mexico, no use has been reported for the pod, making it a waste product. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the physical, chemical, and functional properties of ebony pods and to generate useful information for the communities for the integral use of the ebony tree as a supplement in animal feed, industrial fermentations or as a source of antioxidants. It was found that the pod had an average length of 10.16 cm, diameter 14.85 cm, width 0.54 cm, and weight 5.19 g; in terms of physical and proximal characteristics, water absorption was 50%, oil absorption 1.89%, density 0.53 g/cm3; color parameters were L* 56.6, a* 8.07, b* 26.78, while the proximal content was 2.40% moisture, 30.9% ash, 0.56% fat, 47.7% fiber, 45.2 carbohydrates and 1% protein. It was also found that the maximum xylose concentration (33.8 g) was obtained with 6% H2SO4. The results indicate that this residue can be used as a source of fiber for animal supplementation or take advantage of xylose for economic culture media at industrial level or even obtaining polyphenols from organic extracts.

ABSTRACT Artemisia ludoviciana contains several medically important metabolites, but few studies have been reported on its effects on insects of agricultural importance. This article aimed to know the biological effects of a methanolic extract of A. ludoviciana on neonatal larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda, where column chromatography was obtained to fractionate the crude oil and mass gas chromatography to identify metabolites, the extract, and the 90:10 mobile phase showed low mortality of about 30% at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, but a weight loss in neonatal larvae of more than 50% was lost, confirming a significant antifeedant activity. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of terpenoids such as limonene, thujone, camphor, borneol, and borneol acetate, which are associated with an insecticidal and antifeedant activity. Therefore, the methanolic extracts of A. ludoviciana can be a friendly alternative for insect pest control.

RESUMEN Artemisia ludoviciana contiene varios metabolitos de importancia médica, sin embargo, se han informado pocos estudios sobre sus efectos en insectos de importancia agrícola. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer los efectos biológicos de un extracto metanólico de A. ludoviciana sobre larvas neonatas de Spodoptera frugiperda en donde se utilizó cromatografía de columna para fraccionar el crudo y cromatografía de gases masas para identificación de metabolitos, dando como resultados que el extracto y la fase móvil 90:10 mostraron una baja mortalidad de alrededor del 30 % a una concentración de 1 mg/mL, sin embargo, se observó una pérdida de peso en las larvas neonatas de más de 50 %, corroborando una actividad antialimentaria significativa, y el análisis GC-MS reveló la presencia de terpenoides como: limoneno, tujona, alcanfor, borneol y acetato de borneol, asociados con el efecto insecticida y la actividad antialimentaria. Por lo tanto, los extractos metanólicos de A. ludoviciana, pueden ser una alternativa amigable para el control de insectos plagas.

Abstract Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is a fruit of tropical and subtropical zones of the world, is an important source of phytochemicals (phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins). Several studies have associated phytochemicals with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The objective of this work was to analyze the polyphenolic content, the antioxidant and antifungal properties of jackfruit extracts on phytopathogenic fungi. Two phenolic extracts of jackfruit of different maturity level (J1-J2) were used. The total polyphenol content (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and total flavonoids (TFC) by the aluminum chloride method, the free radical trapping potential was measured using FRAP and ORAC methods. The results showed a TPC of 844 and 1,178 mgEAG/100 g and TFC of 37 and 68 mgQE/100 g, of dry jackfruit, the antioxidant potential analysis by FRAP was 7,575 and 8,691, by ORAC was 13.369 and 14.728 µmol Trolox/100 g, of dry jackfruit for J1 and J2 respectively. Additionally, it was observed that the phenolic extracts of jackfruit reduced the mycelial growth of: Penicillium digitatum (20-14%), Geotrichum candidum (56-55%), Aspergillus niger (72-67%) and Botrytis cinerea (100%-100%) for J1 and J2 respectively. We conclude that regardless of the degree of maturity, jackfruit has antioxidant and antifungal properties on phytopathogens important in agriculture.

Abstract Biofilms arise as an alternative to replace synthetic polymers, which have generated environmental pollution. The aim of this work was to extract starch from Hass avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill) to produce biofilms. Starch was extracted using the wet method and characterized by infrared spectroscopy. Moisture, ash content, gelatinization temperature, and color were determined. Two types of biofilms were produced: T1 (starch) and T2 (starch and glycerol). The colour was measured, and the films were characterized by mechanical tests. A yield of 11.38% was obtained for the isolated starch. Glycerol addition significantly influenced the tensile strength being T1 higher than T2. In elongation percentage, T1 was lower than T2. The results indicate that it is possible to use Hass avocado seed waste for starch extraction and produce biofilms to give it added value. This biofilm can be used in low moisture food coatings.

ABSTRACT Objective: The antimicrobial activity of a crude extract of B. bassiana and two fractions thereof against clinically important bacteria was evaluated. Methods: The mycelium of strain B. bassiana was soaked in methanol for a week, then it was evaporated in a rotovap at 45 ° C applying a vacuum. The methanolic extract was passed through two mobile phases to obtain a fraction A and B. Fractions A, B and crude extract C were evaluated against the strains Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella tiphy, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii with the plate microdilution technique. Results: In fraction A an antimicrobial effect against Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii was observed, bacterial growth reached 70, 60 and 83% respectively. Fraction B caused an antimicrobial effect in Klebsiella pneumoniae, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii with a bacterial growth of 62, 58, 41 and 7% respectively. And the crude extract did not cause growth inhibition in A. baumannii, but for the rest of the bacteria there was a growth of 56 to 88%. Conclusions: Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus that produces different metabolites with insecticidal, cytotoxic, antifungal, antibiotic and antiviral activity. This is the first study of the antimicrobial effects of a methanolic extract of the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana against bacterial strains of clinical importance.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Se evaluó la actividad antimicrobiana de un extracto crudo de B. bassiana y dos fracciones del mismo contra bacterias de importancia clínica. Métodos: El micelio de cepa B. bassiana se remojó en metanol durante una semana, después se evaporo en un rotovapor a 45°C aplicando vacío. El extracto metanólico se hizo pasar con dos fases móviles para obtener una fracción A y B. La fracciones A, B y el extracto crudo C se evaluaron contra las cepas Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella tiphy, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Acinetobacter baumannii con la técnica de microdilución en placa. Resultados: En la fracción A se observó un efecto antimicrobiano contra Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Acinetobacter baumannii el crecimiento bacteriano alcanzó el 70, 60 y 83 % respectivamente. La fracción B causó un efecto antimicrobiano en Klebsiella pneumoniae, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa y A. baumannii con un crecimiento bacteriano del 62, 58, 41 y 7 % respectivamente. Y El extracto crudo no causó inhibición del crecimiento en A. baumannii, pero para el resto de la bacterias hubo un crecimiento del 56 al 88 %. Conclusiones: Beauveria bassiana es un hongo entomopatógeno que produce diferentes metabolitos con actividad insecticida, citotóxica, antifúngica, antibiótica y antiviral. Este es el primer estudio de los efectos antimicrobianos de un extracto metanólico del hongo entomopatógeno B. bassiana contra cepas bacterianas de importancia clínica.